She pitied men always as if they lacked something. How does Woolf Essay

She pitied workforce always as if they lacked something. How does Woolf contrast masculine and feminine in To the Lighthouse - Essay ExampleRamsay. The condemn is thought by Lily Briscoe in the novel and the whole sentence isThis sentence clearly shows that the novel, To the Lighthouse is written with feminist theme in which, the writer wants to depict that men are naturally lacking speckle on the other hand, women have some power.Mr. Ramsay, who is Mrs. Ramsays husband, is a philosopher who has a good reputation on the basis of his knowledge but in the whole novel, he is shown dependent on Mrs. Ramsay. Mr. Ramsay is shown worried about the existence of his work as he thinks at iodin juncture,and his fame lasts how long? It is permissible even for a dying hero to think before he dies how men will speak of him hereafter. His fame lasts perhaps two thousand years. And what are two thousand years? (asked Mr. Ramsay ironically, double-dyed(a) at the hedge).These lines by Mr. Ramsay indicate towards his doubts about the remembrance of his work and himself. All his doubts about his existence and organism remembered receive a sense of satisfaction because of Mrs. Ramsay who is always there to help his husband. He while lecture to Mrs. Ramsay informs her about his doubts about his work being forgotten and he gets encouraging responses and back up from his wife. Mrs. Ramsay is non shown as a perfect woman but she is always ready to support men and while helping them, she sympathizes with them and tries to find solution to their problems.With Mrs. Ramsay, every character of the novel feels relaxed and comfortable because of her complacent and supportive attitude. She is identical a source of support to the other characters of the novel including her husband, who looks a strong soul but appears to be very weak before her wife. Mr. Ramsay appears wholly dependent on Mrs. Ramsay for confidence and encouragement. Woolf portrays Mr. Ramsay as a person and a man, who feels himself incomplete without Mrs. Ramsay.Woolf tries

Ethics Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics dubiety - Essay ExampleOn one hand violation of the environmental laws by the company should be punished and this is within the enforcement powers of the federal agency. The EPA should follow required procedures and cannot go beyond the authority granted by Congress. Provided the estimated hazard concerning the health, safety or environmental protection is greater than the economic impact from the plant closure, hence the agency should enforce its decision.On the other hand, shutting down the plant will cause significant affable damage, as the plant is the major source of employment for the town. If breach of environmental laws does not represent a major threat to the health and safety of people and has not significantly impaired local environment, then the agency can take restrictive action other than closing the plant, probably by princely penalties or fines and undertaking future stricter control over the companys operations.The Environmental Protection Agency require s your company to self-report taint discharges daily. It is your job to make those reports. The reports could be easily fudged if the company exceeded its designated limits. Excessive discharges would cost the company $25,000 for each mean solar day its limit is exceeded.

Arbitration and Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Arbitration and rightfulness - Essay ExampleThe problem, however, is that even when arbitration takes place, the disputing parties will continue to engage the problem through sp atomic number 18 courts in order to come to the best possible resolution for their interests. The following essay discusses the issues of arbitration, first by engaging the question of disputes in arbitration and the consequences to the courts, and so through the exploration of a case study, and then finally through undergoing an investigation of the events within the case study. Privity of Contract Privity, in legal boundarys, refers to a kindred that develops between parties in regard to the property, promises or warranties of a call for. The privity of bugger off concept is to ensure that only parties that atomic number 18 involved in a contract are actually part of the entirety of the process and include in all subsequent actions. Disputes concerning the privity of contract result from engaging th e contract for who is able to participate in the process. The limitation of privity prevents a great many lawsuits by those who believe they have been affected by the actions of a party, but who is not directly a part of the contract and are not able to ca-ca liability claims because they are not a part of the contract.1 Horizontal and Vertical Privity Horizontal privity occurs when a tierce party is the recipient of an item. When an item or benefit in question is intended for a ordinal party, then horizontal privity is in place. Vertical privity occurs when an independent contract is in place with one of the parties of a contract between two parties. If A has a contract with B and B has a contract with C, vertical privity is in place between A and C. The consumer rarely has any rights in terms of privity. The laws in regard to consumers was revised in the Contract Act of 1999 in which the Rights of Third Parties were addressed so that ...a third gear party may not enforce a con tractual provision, either if the contract contains an express term to that effect, of if it purports to confer a benefit upon him.2 The problem with consumer relationships to the process is that there is no implied position within the contract for the consumer. Arbitration Arbitration is the process by which two parties enter into an agreement to choose privately define proceedings in which to settle their differences. The arbitration process is internationally recognized as a vision through which disputes between internationally represented businesses can find resolutions without clogging court systems and without disputes about legal power in regard to nation.3 Disputes are defined by any disagreement that occurs during the process of the contract relationship. Disputes are more often handled by arbitration that has been defined within a contract. According to Harris, Planterose, and Tecks, This will bonk the procedure, the application of any statute and the finality of the in tended process from other options, such as a decision by any expert of adjudication

Auditing failures and quantitative measurement of materiality Essay

Auditing failures and quantitative measurement of materiality judgement - Essay ExampleThis may be resulting out-of-pocket to the intentional or unintentional involvement of the canvassor in accepting serious mis controversys from the company professionals. self-aggrandizing number of factors can be defined as the causes of the audit failure. However, broadly following four categories dive almost any aspects of audit failure. First and foremost is the failure on the part of the auditor to get a line the compliance of reporting financial statement with the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP) or standards of audit. An evidence in the survey reported that nearly 49% of the audit failure resulted due to inability of the auditor to to the full comply with the GAAP and GAAS rules. For example, Ernst & Young in USA has recent been charged to pay around USD dickens million for violating PCAAOB rules of auditing in the audit of its invitee Medicis Pharmaceutical Corporati on (Public Company Accounting Oversight Board, 2012). In the referred font, E&Y remained the external auditor of the company for nearly 20 years and financial statement of 2008 is found to have clear distortion from GAAP rules. The second reason that results in the failure of audit include the due involvement of the auditor. This results when auditor issues due report that warrants compliance of the financial statement with the jell standards and principles. ... d penalizes the auditor for the reason that failure ultimately results due to the lacking on the auditors part (Peursem, Zhou, Flood, and Buttimore, 2007). It is evident that auditors firms usually end up paying the penalty without agreeing or denying the charges (Peursem, Zhou, Flood, and Buttimore, 2007 United States Securities and transposition Commission, 2013). The third aspect of the audit failure results when an auditor intentionally or intentionally ignores the investigation requiring lot of the financial stateme nt due to having some financial pursuance in the organization. In almost all cases of the audit fraud, the auditors are investigated for supporting fraud in lieu of having direct and indirect financial interest in the organization or negligence. According to the Peursem, Zhou, Flood, and Buttimore, (2007) with respect to the case of Adelphia, Deloitte had a financial interest in the company as it was largest and long terms standing in the clientele list of the Pittsburgh office of Deloitte. The case of GTGI also faced this issue when auditor relied heavily on the information provision by the prudence representatives. Auditor in this case ignored the need of giving exploratory assessment to the revenue and otherwise related components of the financial statement. Finally, the most common aspect of effect is having some personal relationship with the client or entity for which the auditor is providing a service. Such relationships result in impacting the audit activity than having n ormal worry relationship in independency. For instance, Peursem, Zhou, Flood, and Buttimore, (2007) have reported the case of Adelphia also claimed that many partners of the audit firm had a relationship with Adelphia and the family member of the management of the

Encountering the Book of Romans by Douglas Moo Literature review

Encountering the support of Romans by Douglas Moo - Literature review ExampleMost bible scholars identify the field of study tidingss they need to major on and proceed to get the necessary information on where to base their studies. Douglas Moo in the sacred scripture, Encountering the Book of Romans, has simplified the work of most populace by addressing the sustain of Romans in the Bible. Throughout the history of morality in general, the parole has had an interest to scholars and the foundation of the Roman Catholic faith is based on the name. Researchers, therefore, commit little to do but need to get to the shops and obtain the one important link to the study and an in depth look as vigorous as a proper analysis of the disk of Romans as described. The book was published On December 2002 by the Baker publishing group and has had sundry(a) sales whose range is close to four hundred thousand. The basics of the writings are clear, concise, and the message is to only par ties seeking to know about the letter of Paul to the Romans. The book is not one to pass by on the counter especially the theological readers and scholars, and like most well written books, this one is a prominent self-discovery adventure. The cover page is well printed with an advance picture of a building which most tidy sum would view as an old fashioned empire church. The imprints are bold presumably to depict the sizeableness of the contemporary writing and what is actually contained inside. The creation is set to encounter the bible studies especially with a great concentration on the book of Romans and the impact of the writings therein to a moderate reader. Douglas J. Moo is a PhD holder in the University of St. Andrews and has a wide knowledge on theological issues. He is a Blanchard prof of New Testament at Wheaton College and as well the author to various books and commentaries on biblical writings such as the books of Judges, 2 Peter, Jude and James. Based on his ac ademic circle and knowledge, the lecturer has provide a book worth reading and one that leaves those who come across it fulfilled and having a quest for more. Over the years, many an(prenominal) theorists have raised questions on just what intended and what he had in mind regarding how the book of Romans is to be read. Moo has simplified this and has given guidelines especially to scholars and students with regard to the ancient letter and provided the basis for contemporary debates. The estimate of the book centres on the gospel of Christ Jesus and in writing the book, the author has a declare oneself to help create an identity to the Roman Christians and help them understand their history of salvation chain. The structure of the book is centred on the letter, and the author shows key aspects such as the introduction which shows a proper understanding of the book based on the first century (Moo, 2002, p.7). Other issues discussed include the prevailing as yetts during the life of Paul and also the situations in the lives of the proceeding readers. In this context, the author bases his study on two approaches including the reformation and the new military position approach which are grounds for interpretation of the letter. Scholars thus need to decide which approach to use and which ruff suits their learning needs as the two provide different ways of interpretation. The book is portioned, with each segment further split into well-defined topics for easy navigation and access of study material. The broad networking has made it even available for study and print in the world through website and shops. The contents of the book are well aligned with the contents of the prevailing chapters flowing from the preceding. Moo lays the groundwork for reading the ancient book and provides the arguments that the book

Lessons from the Cold War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Lessons from the Cold War - Essay ExampleThe get together States is widely considered to be the winner of the Cold War for several reasons. Firstly, there is simple geography if you image at a map, the fall in States exists now exactly as it did during the years of the Cold War (in fact, it real grew somewhat during the conflict, adding Hawaii and Alaska as put ups as opposed to protectorates or territories), whereas the Soviet Union dissolved as a political entity, becoming Russia, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, and several other smaller states between the Black and Caspian Seas (Brooks 450). more importantly, however, was the fact that the political ideology of Russia shifted the one-party, the communist government ended, the frugality was capitalized, state-run corporations became privately owned and so on. So, the state of the Soviet Union and the form of government and economy that it represented both ended, while the United St ates remained the lonely(prenominal) Superpower. There are various explanations of how the Cold War was won or lost without recourse to a nuclear war. One of the major theories is that the United States more efficient and productive economy simply outpace the Soviet one, leading the Soviet government to either fall behind militarily or socially both of which would have led to the downfall (Brooks 449). The classic explanation can be summarized as the United States could make tanks and cars, the Soviet Union, one or the other. Any explanation that fails to take into discover Soviet leadership, however, is somewhat nave. The fact is that Gorbachev, the leader of the Soviet Union, genuinely sought openness and emancipation for his people, and allowed them the freedom to choose what type of economy they wanted, which allowed the Soviet Union to fall without violent backlashes towards either the United States or its own populace (Brooks 454).

Analysis of design learning space with the culture of modesty by Research Paper

Analysis of design learning plaza with the culture of modesty by observing how Saudi female students embrace existing learning spot and the dress code at Riyadh city university - Research Paper ExampleTraditionally, privacy has been attain through demarcations of separations that were labelled by creating walls, fences, and doors with the sign of prohibition. However, these mechanisms are somewhat old-fashioned since architecture has gone a long way to increasing privacy in facilities. For instance, in 1978, Dan Graham presented his two-way mirror module Two Adjacent Pavilions in a model shown at the Museum of Modern Art in Oxford that heighten privacy by using a dissimilar model from the previous architecture prototypes. This article studies the abridgment architectural prime(a) of privacy as presented in enclosed border-defined space in modern architecture and provides a proposal on privacy in the learning space as done by Riyadh City University in Saudi Arabia.Modern archi tecture also known as modernist architecture is a sound out used to imply to an all-embracing movement, with its meticulous definition and scope changing widely. The word is frequently applied to modern movements at the set of the new century. There are efforts to settle the principles of primaeval architectural design with fast technological progression and the transformation of society (Colquhoun, 2002, p. 120). Simultaneity, clarification, superimposition, contradiction, and art are the nomenclature that are mostly used synonymously to identify contemporary architecture. Nonetheless, architecture has been a phenomenon that has been dated from the oppose Age and was known to enhance protection from outside forces. As modernization came to pass, architecture has been changing with succession and is more comprehensive of many human needs. Privacy is one of the key factors, which is defined as the quality of being isolated from the existence or view of others or the situation of being obscured or hidden. In the quest to enhance this phenomenon, architects have gone to build walls, furniture, fences,

Analysis paper - social media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analysis composition - social media - Essay Examplenetworking sites such as Facebook, Twitter, LinkedIn, Google+, Instagram and other social platforms have been found to be the major causes of loneliness among many people all over the world. This paper is a critical analytic thinking of Stephen Marches argument that the use of Facebook tends to promote peoples preference for loneliness through purdah and isolation. In achieving this, I have discussed the contributions of Facebook on personal loneliness among various groups of people across the world.Among the key out social networking sites commonly used today, Facebook, takes the largest share of online users compared to other social networking sites aforementioned. It is common to find people of contrary ages, academic levels, and social status deeply glued on Facebook, chatting, posting, writing comments on other friends posts or doing the mere liking of posts and comments made by their acquaintances. Lecturers have complained of deteriorating performances in their subjects even by their favorite students overdue to the influence of technology (specifically social networks). Besides, affecting their performances in various courses, fondness with social networking sites has increasingly disjointed friendship ties between various students and their close allies.Solitude is not a recent phenomenon in the society. The jot has long been in existence since the advent of humanity. The perception and causes of solitude are, however, its most common determinant. Different from the traditionalistic forms and causes of solitude, the current causes are self-inflicted other than natural. The natural conditions of solitude are seamlessly endurable since they were somehow beyond the go past of the victims. The need to express oneself as a move to defend ego and register high sense experience among peers and friends keeps most Facebook users glued to their social sites trying to compose and post suitable posts and comments that would resonate appropriately with their acquaintances. The

Terror Tactics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

alarm Tactics - Essay ExampleThe Al-shaabab is a curseist organization in Eastern Africa Region, Boko Haram in West Africa, Palestinian Islamic Jihad in Palestine, Student Islamic Movement of India in India, and United Self-Defense Forces of capital of South Carolina among others. Countries that have experienced its effect fast-hand like United States, 2001 and Kenya, 1998 have progressive efforts in combating it using a series of tactics.Most terrorist organizations have a common ideology to destroy U.S.As allies, United Nations activities against terror groups, and structures of global order. Not even a powerful put up like USA can charge terrorism alone beca utilise such groups have established networks and have easy access to money crossways international borders. The best tactic applied by USA in conjunction with United Nations is the use of the 4D strategy (Defeat, Deny, Diminish and Defend). Nations fighting terrorism aim at defeating terrorism through direct and verify ing use of economic, diplomatic, information, intelligence, financial, and military among other tools. Research findings published in Terrorism Research Initiative (Rineheart, 2010) snitch that the 4D strategy, at times referred to as the Counterinsurgency Theory has helped counter terror activities by simultaneously applying the 4D strategy elements. The outcome has led to disorientation of terror organizations by limiting and eliminating their sources of finance, reducing their scope and capabilities from global threats to state criminal domains.Maxims of warfare (White, 2012) demand that every participant to know and mark terrorists and their sympathizers as enemies. Through combine efforts, it will be possible for their unlawful and inhuman activities to be restrained within controllable limits. Therefore, twain local and international security agencies must work tirelessly to ensure terror activities, plans, and their locations are know before the worse happens.Rineheart Jas on. (2010). Counterterrorism and

Gore-Tex Patents Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gore-Tex Patents - Essay ExampleAt the end of the apparent(a) protection phase, the best strategy is to increase R&D investment as well as repositioning the product whose patent is expiring at a lower price pass in order to continue to generate sales.2. The fabric technology of the firm has been utilized in a wide range of products. The gild has applied for winter coats, backpacks, shoes, and trousers. The firm has been able to obtain prestigious contracts such(prenominal) as the 1969 contract that enabled the company manufactured cables to reach outer space US-led moon missions. The firm has diversify product portfolio with multiple application which includes new standards for comfort and protection for work wear and active slant advanced the science of regenerating tissues destroyed by disease or traumatic injuries next-generation materials for printed circuit boards and case optics and new methods to detect and control environmental pollution.3. The emphasis on technology and innovation has helped Gore induce a multinational firm whose market value exceeds one billion dollars. Despite the companys success, the continuous emphasis on technology is a strategy that has drawbacks and increases overall business risk. Once the patent of technology expires any firm can imitate the companys product without incurring in any of the original research and development investment the firm incurred in. Another major drawback about placing a high emphasis on technology is that these types of products at times become obsolete very steadfast as other more advanced technology begin to appear in the marketplace. When a company becomes a victim of obsolete technology all the inventory of the product that became obsolete becomes worthless.

A Problem In the Field of Finance Annotated Bibliography - 1

A Problem In the Field of finance - An nonated Bibliography ExampleShe describes the major elements and features of sovereign debt crisis, its implications and impact in the general sense and provides a critical boldness review of the US sovereign debt crisis.Sovereign debt crisis is a situation where a countrys government is unable to apply its bills (Amadeo parity bit 1). This occurs when the government spends more money than it has. In such a case, the government will not be able to get money from its normal funding sources. Rather, it will need to find slipway and means of getting money to fulfill its payment obligation and the most common method is to borrow.In explaining the cycle of sovereign debt crisis, Amadeo identifies that where a government enters a situation where honoring its sovereign debt is an issue, lenders see risks and baffle to panic. In other words, the government cannot guarantee a low interest rate for lenders, thus, the lenders become bear on that the country cannot pay its bonds. In such a situation, the lenders will begin to demand higher yields to fee for the speculation and anxiety that comes with the threat of sovereign debts. They therefore begin to panic and the economy gets into chaos.One of the frank solutions that most governments employ is quantitative easing which involves the printing of more money to ease the issues with the sovereign debt threats (Amadeo para 7). This causes inflation and affects the value of the nations currency.Thomas Reuters provides statistical information and facts about the US Sovereign debt criss. As of October 2013, the united States governments borrowing was over $16.7 trillion (Thomson para 4). This was at par to the actual size of the US economy. Thus, as part of a trend, the Fitch valuation system sought to downgrade the United States from its AAA rating to a lower rating.Prior to the events of October 2013, notable rating agencies like Standard & Poors had downgraded the USs rating to an AA rating. This occurred in luxurious

Animals and Myriad Ways they can Kill or Heal Us Essay - 2

Animals and Myriad Ways they brush off Kill or Heal Us - Essay ExampleThough, the defence mechanism can differ, alone it still parkways serious injury to the victim (prey) or survivor (attacker). Some animals use their claws, sharp teething or horns and other strong body parts (tail or legs) to shield and defend from the potential risk of infection others, intimate their opponent with stings, bites or even with a oneness lethal touch. The term poisonous or cattinessous animal is generally used to refer the category of animals, which use their poisonous toxins or spite for attack or defence. However, there is a significant difference in the meaning of poison and venom. The spring is absorbed by a touch and the later is injected through a bite, sting or stab. Thus, venom containing animals purposely inject their injurious toxins and poisonous animals contain poison in their skin, which is absorbed upon a single touch.The effect of the venom differs, as it is mainly dependent u pon the amount of venom injected and the physical health of the victim. Therefore, acrid animal ar active slayer and poisonous animal are passive slayer. Majority of the venoms are highly complex proteins that instantly or slowly deficit nervous system of humans or animals and adversely affect the blood circulation of the victim. Marbled cone snail or conus marmoreus is categorized as the intimately lethal animal in the world due to its potency of venom, but specific neurotoxins or conotoxins of its unmatched venom are utilized by the pharmacists to produce drugs, which have the potential to cure terminal pains.These fine-looking tropical and sub tropical species have approximately 700 carnivorous predator kinds and almost eighteen of them cause human envenomation. Biologically known as Conus marmoreus, are generally termed as marbled cone snail, they raise and breed on the reef of the oceans and are known as marine snails. These species belong to family of Conidae and fall in to the phylum Mollusca. Their

The outline for the complete academic research paper

The trace for the complete academic - Research Paper ExampleFor a drove to work efficiently, wizard mustinessiness have an internet conjunction. If one is looking for a special document that is stored in the swarm, there must be an internet connection either through a mobile broad brand connection or wireless internet (Lewis et al, 2009). The advantage of cloud computing is that the same document finish be introductioned by any device as long as there is internet availability. These devices can be a phone, laptop.tablet or a desktop. This helps an organization to work more(prenominal) with ease because a cloud can access software system and store data. There are several types of clouds that can be subscribed depending on ones demand. single of them is a private cloud, which is established for a specific organization or group and access is limited. A public cloud can be accessed by any user with an internet connection. On the other hand, community cloud is usually shared among two or more organizations that have interchangeable cloud requirements. A hybrid cloud is a combination of two clouds in which the clouds in particular are a mixture of community,private and public (Jansen, 2011). Literature review Rittinghouse,J.W., & Ransome,J.F. (2010). Cloud Computing Implementation, Management, and Security. New York Taylor and Francis Group. ask that each provider serves a role and it gives users more or less control over their cloud depending on the type. When choosing a provider, one has to compare needs to the cloud services which are available. The cloud needs usually vary depending on how one intends to use the resources and the storage space associated with the specific cloud. A cloud provider becomes more expensive depending on an individuals technological needs. There are three types of cloud providers that one can subscribe to infrastructure as a service, platform as a service and software as a service. Software as a service gives subscribers an opportunity to access both applications and resources. It makes it excess for one to have a physical copy of softwares to install on the devices. This type of cloud provider makes it possible to have the same software to all devices at once by accessing it via the cloud. Under a platform as a service,this system goes a level above the software as a service setup. This provider gives its subscribers access to the components that they require to operate and develop over the internet. Fatih Erkoc, Serhat Bahadir Kert (2010). Cloud Computing For Distributed University Campus A Prototype Suggestion, by Mehmet indicate that infrastructure as a service deals with computational infrastructure. In his system, a provider completely outsources storage and resources, such as software and hardware. By subscribing to this type of service cloud,one would be able to maintain his or her business with a larger computational capability. One has to spend more resources on the operation and develop ment of applications. Most information stored on the cloud is often seen as a treasure to individuals with mean intent. There is a lot of confidential and private information that individuals store on their computers and this information is now being transferred to the cloud (Strowd, 2010). One has to be careful with the cloud provider he or she chooses. This is because security measures usually vary from one provider to the other. Research Question / Hypothesis One of the ways that service

Assignment 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Assignment 5 - stress ExampleThese footing are known to be objective and not congenital. From this, what it means is that the doctor knows to a greater extent about what the patient is feeling than the patient themselves (Norman, 2004). According to Norman, the world today take to consider the congenital points of view and not depend so much on the expert opinions. This is wryal since most of the internal views al federal agencys come from those affected. E.g. a computer scientist would not know the kind of interface that various groups of pot may want without getting their opinion on such. We have to get a more subjective point of view so as to adapt to the explorations that are avail up to(p) today in terms of usability. For example, computer scientist cannot completely ignore personars subjective views as they are the final mess who will use their product. For example if a computer engineer wants to come up with a novel hardware, they have to development the needs of t he common man and hear what they need. If computer engineers never thought subjectively then they would end up building products that are complex and few users would be able to use the products (Norman, 2004). Norman also believes that we have different points of observation. Every user has a way in which they entrance different things a professional might come across something in a more complicated way as opposed to the non technical manner that a less experienced user might see it. It is for this reason that commonwealth can have their own observation and opinions on different matters. Scientist therefore needs to leave the positivism idea and learn to accept some of the subjective opinions. From this observation, it is evident that even though scientist only believe in the objective tone, much of the subjective tone is necessary if they want to understand what people want. Otherwise they would be making products for themselves. 2 Philosophy is described as the study of realit y, association and existence. Most people tend to associate philosophy with books and theories that endeavour to explain fundamental laws in physics and nothing that touch our daily lives. Philosophy has been there for thousands of years and various philosophers have existed and have been able to explain the various things that touch our lives. Just like philosophy has touched and influenced a lot of people and life, the IPod has been a great tool in influencing the lives of millions of people. The iPod is transforming the lives of millions of people all(prenominal) day and making them get sensitive ideas within a click. People are listening to music of their taste and others reading social golf links and contributing a lot to the economy. However, have we ever taken time t o try and link philosophy with an iPod? An iPod can define an individual, the contents of a person determines the kind of things that the person likes as well as the information that is useful to their lives. Since philosophy is concerned with the social lives of people as well, it is ironic that most people would try to evade this important field yet it touches them in almost every angle. Most scholars have tried to link various current cultures with philosophy computer science has yet brought this even closer linking people with most philosophical issues such as graphical user interface. It is repayable to philosophy that a computer scientist is able to determine the type of service that people need. With the right study and understanding of people

Termination Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

confines Report - Essay ExampleSince this was a exit session, the around important part of informed bear was asking them if they agree and atomic number 18 comfortable with the termination. They stated that they felt much better and have far-famed great improvement in their descent, thus, had no objection to the termination.I initiated the termination process having noted that the pit had made a lot of progress in their therapy. It was clear that both parties had gained enough insight to trade in with conflicts and any future issues that may occur in their relationship. The termination session was smooth having discussed it with them earlier in the counseling process. The couple did not resist the session, and this means that they were also satisfied with the progress. However, I noticed nigh negative facial and body expressions, which could have come from the thought of ending a close relationship that we had built. I felt the same way too because I had bonded well with th e couple, and because of their enthusiasm to share, I prime it easy to talk and relate with them. Nevertheless, I felt happy because, at this point, the goals of the therapy had been achieved.At the beginning of the termination process, I handed the couple pieces of paper each and asked them to write down any concerns of anger and trouble regarding the end of the counseling process. They noted that they noted they were satisfied, but were a bit anxious on how they were expiration to maintain the progress that they have achieved in their relationship since the start of counseling. This kind of reaction is normal in most counseling exercises, and it does not raise any alarm so long as the clients are not angry at the counselor for terminating the process. Hence, it was a mature decision to terminate the process since I did not witness any negative reactions against the decision.In addition, I also asked each of them to narrate what has been most beneficial to them that they will ta ke a way from the process. Though they both gave a

African Studies & Feminism Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

African Studies & Feminism - Term Paper Example vanguard Allens analysis (1972) makes the important point that Colonialism caused a tremendous amount of loss to Igbo women. This challenges the common keep an eye on that Colonialism was a good thing, and that it saved women from all kinds of barbarous practices. This reason is the transfer of s be and discriminatory attitudes from the compound powers to African society such as the view that politics was a mans line (Van Allen, 1972, p.165-166). Finally, this condition clearly demonstrates that a sophisticated village-by-village system of government had operated very successfully before the colonial powers arrived, and that it was elimination of the village assembly, in which all villagers had the right to speak, that did the near damage to the position of Igbo women in their society. The vowel system of women in village affairs was silenced and they were thus prevented from participating in decisions that cloaked their lives an d the lives of their families. This clause shows the misemploy that was done by Colonialism, in the name of progress, and identifies the source of the modern day oppression of Igbo women as universe the Colonial powers, and not local ideas and customs, The report by OBarr et al. captures the enthusiasm and the main resolutions of a colossal meeting of 14,000 women called to mark the end of the United Nations Decade for Women.A key outcome was the realization that the enormous differences that exist between the experiences of women in very divers(prenominal) countries are likely to continue on into the future, and the meeting headstrong to ensure that these differences would generate a creative strength, not draining weakness, in the effort to implement a womens agenda nationally and internationally ... The diversity of voices is a deliberate tactic to illustrate a second important finding there will not be a one-size-fits-all solution to problems that affect women world-wide. T hemes such as divorce, aging, widowhood and non-marriage show considerable convergence between Third World and Western womens experiences, but some areas such as poverty and exclusion from education and healthcare are highlighted as being very different, depending on location (OBarr et al. 1986, p. 592). A third important contribution in this article is the factor of race, and it was noted that women of African descent in particular had to deal with the issue of racial privilege, most usually accorded to white women, and in some countries this was compounded by issues like ethnic and gender separatism imposed by the state in question. Although this article is not formed into a smooth and limpid argument, like the Van Allen (1972) article it nevertheless makes a powerful statement through its multifaceted approach, grownup a full range of information from many perspectives. It shows that women in the world face many different challenges, and that efforts to tackle them will need to be varied and flexible, in order to adapt to each situation. supra all, the coming together of leading women in great numbers gives a tremendous boost to those involved, and it creates a momentum for political change that ripples across the globe. The most striking feature of Amina Mamas article on Gender Studies for Africas Transformation (2003) is that it represents a new generations perspective. It builds on the fashion of papers such as the two mentioned above, and reports on scholarly work and teaching conducted by African women and for African

Blue Jeans Essay Example for Free

Blue Jeans renderThe article Blue jeans innate(p) to last by Leslie C. Smith was published in Globe and situation in 1992. Smith gives the brief details and the history of world popular blue jeans. The main image of the essay is that how blue jeans came into life and what does it represent. In 1980s, during the time of gold rush, French cotton called denim came into cosmos which replaced canvas and people called it jeans. In 1853, Levis Strauss Ger while manufacturer, though of curving into miners tents. Furthermore, Levis Strauss plans to cut canvas into pants for workers because purpose trouser does not accomplish the necessity of them. Also, it can be worn by usual man and celebrities. Although, The blue jean is the symbol of equality.In the essay Blue Jeans Born to last, the author Leslie C. Smith says that Jeans are functional and down-to-earth and unisexual (Dasgupta, pg.107). The author expressed the qualities of the blue jeans. He explained the jeans are very abl e and can be worn by either male or female. It is very realistic and purposeful. Moreover, it is roaring and trendy.The author Leslie C. Smith also talked about the cowboys that The favoured grab of cowboys, by the 1930s they were an established icon-one that Easterners. Fresh from their vacations on popular dude ranches, were happy to appreciate.(1992, pg. 106). According to this, the jeans become favoured among cowboys in 1930s and it was the symbol of tough temper of American people to the rest of the world. Hence, jeans become a representation of cowboys. It provided cowboys a different identity.Blue jeans Born to last, highlight the details of the blue jeans and explained that how jeans introduced to the world and what does it represent. It has slang expressions and informal language. As blue jeans is the most preferable dress in the world. The main purpose of this essay is that a blue pair of jeans is the one common thing between a common man and a superstar as it is the sy mbol of equality. The sense of hearing of the essay is the common people. The essay conveys a good message of equality and harmony.

Human Resource Information System Essay Example for Free

valet Resource Information System EssayThe function of human alternatives (HR) departments is for the most part administrative and common to exclusively organizations. Organizations may have formalized selection, evaluation, and payroll processes. Efficient and legal focussing of Human Capital progressed to an increasingly imperative and complex process. The HR function consists of tracking existing employee data which traditionally includes personalized histories, skills, capabilities, accomplishments and salary. To reduce the manual workload of these administrative activities, organizations began to electronically automate numerous of these processes by introducing specialized human resource management systems. HR executives rely on internal or immaterial IT professionals to develop and maintain an integrated HRMS.Before the clientserver architecture evolved in the late 1980s, many HR automation processes were relegated to mainframe computers that could handle large amounts of data transactions. In consequence of the high cracking investment necessary to buy or program proprietary softw ar, these internally developed HRMS were limited to organizations that have a large amount of capital. Raija and Hlonen (2009) described the role of information systems in the process of combining territory organizations which white plague information system in financial administration, HRM and social welfare.They explored the role of IS in decision-making in existence sector. The lack of inter-opera ability between legacy systems and new information systems was perceived as a huge problem. In the present situation of our economy, most of the companies used manual system in their company, also almost are using computerized system which lessen the expenses and saves time. An effective and well-designed Human Resource Information System shall found it easier to manage record, update blames and recruit records in Employee records. Confidentially, accuracy and integrity are maintained. The use of computer enables user to minimize efforts to do a certain job or action directlyadays.When the Information Technology emerged, it gave a great impact when it comes to business problems especially when it comes to data entry accuracy, managing datas and retrievals. Dr. Karishna Meena (2010) identified the versatile functional areas to which ICT is deployed for information administration in Higher Education institutions. Current level of usage indicates a clear integration of ICT for managerial or information based administration in higher bringing up institutes. Matthew Douglas (2009) conk outd that nature of developing IS in any organization is characterized by multi dimensional and often mussy problems, involving technical organizations and personal dimensions.David et al(2010) analyzed the main traits of efficient firms and the main sources of firms efficiency finished samples of catalan firms. Firms efficiency shows a significant improvement when advanced ICT uses are combined with human resource practices, Dileep (2010) indicate that HRIS is an integration of HRM and information systems. HRIs helps HR managers perform HR functions in a more effective and systematic way using technology. HRIs system usually a part of the organizations big management information system which would include accounting, production and marketing functions. Ikhlas Zaid (2010) indicate that the quick response and rag to information were the main benefits of HRIS implementation. They also identified the cultural and financial barriers to the implementation of HRIS.Kristine David (2010) identified the implementations or upgradation of HRIS has been undertaken with the lease of utilizing HRM functions.. Barriers also associated with the acceptance of new or upgraded HRIS.HRIS play an important role in shaping user perception and behavior.The addition of information technology to the human resource industry has revolutionized the contemporary workplace. HR professionals now have an increased capacity not only to gather information, barely also to instal and retrieve it in a timely and effective manner. This has not only increased the efficiency of the organization but also the effectiveness of management functions. New technology has also created opportunities for higher levels of stress for younger and cured workers alike (Mujtaba, Afza, and Habib, N. (2011), unethical temptations and behaviors (Mujtaba, 2011), and opportunities for better leadership practices (Mujtaba and Afza, 2011).After delivering our suggestions for the Customer Appreciation Program, Kudler has asked us to evaluate the Human Resource Department, to see what transposes need to made, to make the process better and smoother. Before making suggestions, we have to analyze their current setup. The Human Resources Department is a valuable department, so we want to assure that Kudlers is political campaign smoothly and efficiently.Kudlers current HR Department is setup in the following manner they use Quick Books and outsourced their payroll to Intuit. Intuit tracks all the following information for each employee. They track the employees personal information, pay rate, tax exemptions, hire date, seniority date, and organizational information. Changes to any of this information, can only be change by submitting a special form in writing by the employees supervisor and entered by the accounting clerk. The accounting clerk also keeps a file with the appropriate tax forms for each employee and all changes to employee data.The employees turn in manual time sheets weekly, which are approved by the store manager. The time sheets are then faxed to accounting, where they are entered for payroll. All changes have to be approved by the direct supervisor and store manager. Each store manager is responsible for keeping the files of their employees. They are kept in a locked file and include the following information job applica tion or resume, performance reviews, I-9 forms, and any disciplinary memos or performance management issues. The managers are also responsible for tracking any time off, which includes vacations.

Criminal Theory Essay Example for Free

Criminal speculation EssayPeople with anti- kindly behaviors argon defined by A persuasive pattern of disregard for, and violation, of the rights of others that begins in early childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood. (Walsh and Hemmens page 238) People with this disorder are up for greater health risks, for the disorder makes a person be a risk taker, usu completelyy engaging in smoking, alcohol, risky sexual behaviors and drugs. Their also at risk for they are prone to depression, inflicting self-wounds and fiery acts towards others. In this republic of mind people are emotional, non-cognitive, and give low self-esteem.Making them act discover in violent manners. This behavior is linked to childhood. As a child if something wasnt right, they were shy or forgotten they probably put on a mask and faked being what society views as normal. They are non connected with society. And they do non beneathstand social norms. They have become experts on fakin g feelings, and they do not know emotion or empathy. These people are deceitful, manipulative, egocentric, selfish and lacking viciousness. Dealing with regards of offence and Anti-social disorder, the poisonouss often view that their victims were not wrong.Drug users viewing their addiction to a social norm that isnt at that place. They do not understand what they are doing is wrong and have no sense of guilt or cognitive thinking process. They do not feel any kind of self-reproof for the things of which they have done simply because they cannot empathize with the people or actions against which they are offending. neutralization conjecture was created by Skyes and Matza. This theory explains that the offender has a positive view on the crime he or she has committed. Also connatural to Anti-Social individuals these criminals view that they have done nothing wrong.Unlike Anti-Social disorder, Neutralization theory states that the offender puts the excuses in their profess hea d, not merely understanding the social norms. There are five techniques that Neutralization theory uses in adeptifying their crimes. The first way people neutralize their crimes and actions they have done is called Denial of Responsibility which is shifting the shoot down from the offender to the victim. An example is when a rapist says in court she was asking for it the way she was dressed and or acting. They feel absolutely no guilt for the crimes that they have committed.They feel no responsibility at all for the victim and their injuries. The second technique is called Denial of Injury. This is where the offender has no attachment to the crime and has not caused any real injury or offenses. An example of this would be a person breaking a entering and smashing a window in and claiming the insurance will cover it. Denial of victim is the third technique. This is where the offender says the victim received what they deserved, almost viewed as karma. Most domestic cases portray this, aphorism significant other or victim got what they deserved from these actions.The fourth technique is Condemnation of the Condemners where the offender states classify of the blame on the condemners. These condemners are police, parents, probation officers, etc. An example of this would be the criminal blaming the officer for planting tell apart on them or the crime scene and not taking any of the responsibility that it was theres. make extinct five is Appeal to a Higher Loyalty. This is where the offender in committed and or truehearted to something or someone in their life for the greater good according to their beliefs. Things that would fall under this menage re murder or assault. A good example of this would be a person under mafia rule murdering someone for the leader or the greater good of that mafia. Ted Bundy was made famous for his criminal actions. His five-state murder spree was not lightly forgotten. Bundy killed over 100 women and only gave information a bout where the bodies were of litre of the acclaimed victims. Comparing his life, actions, and behavior point to Anti-Social Behavioral theory and Neutralization theory the most. Putting these theories to the test stressful to profile a serial killer.Theodore Robert Cowell was born in 1946 to an single mother that moved in with her parents. He grew up thinking his grandparents were is parents and his mother was his sister. Later in life his mother married and he became Ted Bundy. evolution up he was a normal child, he was an attractive teen that was well liked in school. He did relatively well in his academics. He was known for being shy people profiled him to be socially awkward. He never did grow out of this stage and the profile followed him to college. Bundy went first to the University of Puget Sound. It was a highly regarded school and many of its students were wealthy.This made ted feel inadequate and inferior due to financial aspects. He left hand and went to University of Washington. His shyness held him back with social activities and dating, but Bundy did find someone that he fell for. They had the same move passion, spending most of days on the slopes. And he soon fell in love and became obsessive. He tried impressing her with receiving scholarships and accomplishments but they fell flat. She ended the relationship saying he wasnt going anyplace in life and wasnt husband material. This haunted him for the rest of his life and fell into an extreme depression. fleck in this depression he had dropped out of school. His anti-social behavior got worse. Also during this time he found out who his mother actually was. Bundy was a on a slippery slope downhill, he was labeled as a petty thief. He soon came out of his depression had false bravo, went back to college and got a lives degree in psychology. With his clean found self he was on top of the world. He was with a new woman that adored him and his first love wanted him back. He had one human foot in the political arena. During his time at college women had gone missing from campus.They narrowed the quest down to a man asking for help then kidnapping the women. Bundy being smart realized it was only just a matter of time till local officials connected the dots. So Bundy moved to Utah and enrolled in the University of Utah. He didnt stop his attacks just because he had moved. Women were being abducted and reported missing at the campus and malls more or less the city. While in Utah police had discovered a graveyard of bones. They eventually put the dots in concert and figured out it was Ted. They now knew that he was dealing with a criminal that could go across state lines.Bundy didnt stop at Utah he also went to Colorado during ski season and killed women there before he was finally caught due to a car suspicion. He was charged with kidnapping charges. During his examination he was charged with murder of one known victim. But he escaped out the program library widow being his own attorney. He made his way down to Florida where he rented a nursing home at Florida State University. He was known for his sorority house killings. Ted Bundy was arrested again due to evidence of teeth impressions on a victims chest. He was charged with murder and recieved a plea bargain of triple twenty five year sentences.He refused the plea and wanted another trail during this time new evidence came forward and at the new trail he was sentenced to death by means of the electric automobile chair. Prior to his death he attempted over 100 murders, keeping some heads of his victims and necrophilia. When asked why he did everything he blamed it on his early exposures to pornography as his stimulants to his obsession with murder. Ted Bundy falls under a lot of different theories but Anti-Social Behavioral theory is most demanding. He was awkward in his youth, not in a strong stable family life, had difficulty dating and participating in other social events.He wore a mask cove ring himself from the world. He knew he was different and had to change or it would be noticed, so he became a well-known member of society and was respected. He felt no remorse for things that he had done. This action falls under Psychopathy, he found pleasure in re-living kills. Going towards Neutralization theory he blamed the women for the things that he had done. He connected them to his college girlfriend that had dumped him. That they needed to die because of what she did to him. That change any feeling he had towards making these killings.He strongly viewed he was not at fault, and he plead not guilty until he was on the electric chair. In an interview he states I dont know what made people want to be friends. I dont know what made people attractive to one another. I dont know what underlays in these social interactions. The above statement proves my point of the Anti-Social Behavior. He was lacking things that we as normal human beings understand. He goes on to answer the question Are murders born or made? Nature vs. nurture? its still an ongoing debate to this day. In my opinion and conclusion Ted Bundy was nurtured.

Global Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today Essay Example for Free

world(a) Warming Issues Facing the U.S. Today EssayThroughout history, the fastest increase rate in the add up global temperature has been recorded during the past 50 social classs, and experts further believe that the trend is alarmingly accelerating. Global melting is a complex phenomenon, and its full-blown consequences argon difficult to foresee ahead of time. Nevertheless, both year scientists run into more(prenominal) knowledge of how global warming is upsetting the planet, and many have the same opinion that certain(prenominal) outcomes are expected to busy place if present trends persist.Unless Americans reduce global warming emissions, distressing and close to irreversible impact on the country, planet and its life will be greatly expected in the near future. joined States Issues Air pollutants, particularly carbon dioxide that is accumulating in the atmosphere is condensing extensively, trapping the horninessing of the sun and causing the earth to warm up.D espite the fact that Americans tally up merely 4 percent of the worlds inhabitants, yet through fossil-fuel burning, they generate roughly 25 percent of the cosmopolitan carbon dioxide pollution, which is considerably the largest share of any nation (Global Warming bedrock). In the join States, the largest sources of carbon dioxide are the coal-burning power plants, producing 2. 5 billion tons annually while automobiles running end-to-end the countrys streets are the second largest source, producing almost 1.5 billion tons each year (Global Warming Basics). In the United States, global warming is already causing wrongfulness in its numerous regions. In June 2006, a panel organized by the United States National seek Council, the leading science policy body of the country, expressed confidence that the planet is the hottest it has been in at to the lowest degree four centuries, and probably even the last 20 centuries (Global Warming).Snow buildup in the United States has decli ned by almost 60 percent and winter seasons have abridged in a phone number of regions of the Cascade Range in Washington and Oregon since the early 1950s (Global Warming Basics). Oregon, Arizona and Colorado suffered their most terrible wildlife seasons, and drought produced relentless dust storms in Kansas, Colorado and Montana, and floods caused hundreds of millions of dollars in destruction in North Dakota, Kansas, Colorado and Montana.All the same, by the last part of the century, global warming is expected to further elevate the typical temperatures of the United States to three to nine degrees, which is expected to affect more of the countrys species and wildlife that cannot endure warmer environments. Americans wellbeing is as well in jeopardy, as brachydactylous climate changes may bring about the spread of certain illnesses, a greater possibility of heat stroke, poor air quality, and the flooding of the countrys foremost cities. ConclusionAmerica must take a leadership f unction in solving the global warming crisis. Technologies exist today that make power plants produce electricity from nonpolluting sources, cars burn less gas and run cleaner, and electricity consumption debase and more efficient. Americans can take the initial move in seriously campaigning for pushing preservation and manufacturing of more efficient appliances, as well as increase their reliance on renewable energy sources such as geothermal, sun and wind. Currently, the challenge for the country is to be certain that these solutions are implemented.Unfortunately, while the technologies are present, the countrys political and corporate will to put them into extensive exploitation are waning. Without doubt, every Americans must demand for it if development and environmental sustainability are desired to be achieved. Works Cited Global Warming. 2008. Standford solar Center. 16 March 2009 http//solar-center. stanford. edu/sun-on-earth/glob-warm. html. Global Warming Basics. 18 Oc tober 2005. Natural Resources Defense Council. 16 March 2009 http//www. nrdc. org/globalWarming/f101. asp.

Main Character Of The Novel Essay Example for Free

important Character Of The Novel EssayThroughout the book, we jibe that George Elliot has a distinct pre-occupation and sake with presenting the working(a) kinsfolk rural conjunction in an authentic light. She writes the book as a social anthropologist, studying the much primitive community of the time. She has a large amount of sympathy towards the poor, although she herself was not a member of the working class. Using the story as a vehicle she aims to expose the plight and indignity of the poor in prim England, it was her main motive. Therefore, her steering throughout the book is in fact colonisation life in this carapace a fictional village named Raveloe. Focusing on the villagers, their attitudes and their room of life acts as a way of also commenting socially and politically on the injustices they face. Raveloe idler easily be regarded as the main character reference as without it, the narrative following Silas has lesser significance. The village shapes the narrative, being responsible for most of the major atomic number 18as of pastime in the tale.All the respective(prenominal) characters provide interest and together form the character of the town, from characters such as Dunsey to Dolly. The story begins with a sympathetic description of the honest folk of Raveloe. Our first real source of interest in the novel comes from the villagers hostile reaction to Silas. We ar initially told near Silas through the eyes of the villagers. Elliot echoes the villagers summons of thought and way of speech throughout the novel, namely at the beginning. The sound of Silas loom is described as questionable and he is said to have a dreadful stare.She is mimicking the mannerisms and phraseology of Raveloe as a safe and sound and its reaction to the unknown. Silas mechanical method of working on the loom is seen as un-natural by the villagers, who can tho judge him on their own experiences, centred round farming and agriculture. Due to this unf amiliarity, they see even pitiful attri exceptes as sinister. His bad eyesight is thought of as a stare. This reaction of the village acts just as a reaction of a human character. It is typical of the village to think this way.In this respect then, the village can be regarded as any other character would. It has attri exclusivelyes and a predictable nature. It is these collective attributes of the community that kick in Raveloe one character, with which Silas relationships revolve. His relationships and connections with the characters of the community provide the most significant points of interest in the novel. Initially, there is the theft of his luxurious by Dunsey, then his integration into the community with the attend to of Dolly and later his confrontation with Godfrey over the depute of Eppie.Dolly represents the warmer, caring part of the Raveloe community, opposite to William Dane, the bitter symbol of Silas past. She is described to seek the sadder and more sombre e lements of life and pasture her mind upon them. Dolly seems to almost gain sustenance from athletic supportering those in need, in this case Silas. She helps him with the upbringing of Eppie, offering clothes and her own time. She fulfils her found role in the community. Although she can be seen as the prime example of the villages moral capability, such sentiments are seen universally.When Silas informs the villagers of his lost gold, the villagers group together in order to help him. By entering The Rainbow, Silas enters the hub of the village community, beginning the process of his integration. After seeing the authenticity and depth of Silas grief, any former rumours disappear as the villagers begin to relate him to themselves, seeming anxious to help. The point acts as a rare source of excitement, as the villagers become incapable of distinguishing reality from imagination, fabricating information concerning a pedlar with ear-rings.However this all represents a symptomatic ch aracteristic of the village a concern to help others. The villagers reaction concerning the pedlar, is an indication of another key characteristic of Raveloe a belief in superstition. Although the villagers provide extensive descriptions of this so called thief, we know that no such character even exists. It is an example of how, in such conclusion cut communities, little matters, true or false, can be embellished, escalating into common belief, leading to the creation of new-sprung(prenominal) superstitions.Silas is initially associated with the devil and spirit worship. These suspicions are single heightened by his apparent skill with herbal remedies, his oddish cataleptic fits, as well as his past home, Northard, where wizards, magic and folklore were associated. However his evident massive disaster following the loss of his gold dispels any former rumours. Much of this superstition originates from the villagers discussions in the Rainbow, an important focus of the novel. This can be seen in the tale of Cliffs Holiday, a well known rehearsed tale.Mr Macey, the apparent head of this particular proposition social community, describes how a tailor, known as Cliff, had tried to ride the tailor out of his news, attempting rising up the class system by making a gentleman out of his son. The story however ends with the son dying, and Cliff following him soon after. The story entails much superstition, mentioning old Harry, a euphemism for the devil, adviseing this unnatural desire to hike the class system was responsible for the death of the boy. The villagers, opposite to Cliff, are in fact very accept of what they have been given.They feel content with what God has given them. Their pre-occupation is not to rise out of poverty but to merely co-operate with each other in order to make it bearable. This is seen in Dollys clear desire to help anyone in need, or at least to do the best she can. None of the villagers seem to complain about their conditions . They support Silas and each other. Another example of this is in Aarons desire to help Silas later on in the novel with his garden. He has no qualms about working in his spare time, he sees it as barely a decent thing to do.These sentiments would largely be a result of his mother, Dolly, and the way she brought him up. The meetings in the Rainbow are an important vista of the social nature of Raveloe. Like going to Church, it is a social function. This religious aspect of Raveloe is alien to Silas due to his origins of the non-conformist Lantern Yard. He knows nothing of churches, only chapels. This complete lack of knowledge somewhat isolates him from the community he does not go to church. However Dolly, is adamant that Eppie shall be brought up in the Raveloe faith and at the same time, introduces Silas back into religion.Both the working class are present in such functions as well as the gentry. The gentry are represented by the Cass family. The squire sees himself above the other members of the community, only becoming involved with them at festive, social occasions, such as the new-year party at the Red House. They are differentiated from the poor and, unlike Dolly, Mr Macey or any other members of the lower class community, represent little more than themselves. The Cass family are one of the villagers topics of discussion. They perceptively see the faults of the upper class just as they see faults in the lower classes.They take a specific disliking to Dunstan, due to his lack of respect of anyone, especially those on a lower floor him. Godfrey is also seen as weak, Mr Macey describing him as a slack baked pie, commenting on his moral flaws. The primitive but nevertheless logical philosophy of, those who do well are rewarded while those who dont suffer, is apparently proven in both cases. Dunstan ends up dying due his greed, while, although it is unknown to them, because of his rejection of Eppie, Godfrey is seemingly punished by Nancy being ineffect ual to conceive.Silas innocence on the other hand, is eventually rewarded. He is blessed with Eppie, who changes his life. These conclusions follow the villagers moral code, maintaining justice. Categorically speaking, the village has a variety of overall attributes and a predictable nature so therefore can be described as a character. Furthermore, being the main focus of the novel, we can go on to suggest it is the main character. We are more aware of the values and nature of Raveloe as a whole than any specific character even Silas.All the main events of the novel are shaped by the village. to each one personality of each character represents a different aspect of the village as a whole. These individual characters amount to create one, main character which dictates the narrative and plot of the novel. Elliots concentration on her depictions of the village, indicate that she want it to be the main focus. Obviously Silas is important, however, it is the events that unfold around him in Raveloe that really influence the direction of the novel.

European imperialism Essay Example for Free

europiuman imperialism EssayMortimer Chambers et al define imperialism as a European states intercession in and continuing domination over a non-European territory. During the Scramble for Africa in the late ordinal century, the nigh powerful European nations want after to conquer, dominate and exploit African colonies with the hope of building an empire. According to Derrick potato, in 1875 yet ten percent of Africa was occupied by European states. Twenty years later only ten percent re principal(prenominal)ed unoccupied. There were several factors which attracted European imperialists to Africa. There were opportunities for profitable investment and plenty. Raw materials, which Africa feature in abundance, were also desired. A cheap source of labour was required as it would result in higher profits. In addition, there was inter depicted object rivalry among European nations. interior(a) political interests and social Darwinism may also be blamed for attracting Euro pean imperialism to Africa.European imperialists were lured to Africa by the potential frugal benefits she feature. Industrialization ca apply a mass productivity and there became an artificial need for foreign markets to invest in. According to Brian Levack et al, with the onset of economic decline in 1873 industrialists were faced with a declining demand for their products in Europe. Imperial involution, it was thought, would provide a theme with annexed territories seen as captive markets. It was believed that the unfavorable balance of trade that Britain and other industrial countries were experiencing could be counterbalanced by the income from overseas investments.Also, surplus capital could be profitably invested in Africa where cheap labour and limited tilt would result in higher profits. Prominent European imperialists opinionated to use the public resources of their country to hear lucrative means of using their capital. The English radical economist J.A. Hobson, ar gues that the intention was to level out inequalities of wealth to increase domestic consumption. Local merchants, traders and bankers were optimistic towards the idea of imperial expansion and capital investments outside of Europe became an more and more rattling sector of its economy.There was an increasing demand for newfangled materials in Europe in the late nineteenth century. According to Brian Levack, the new technologies characteristic of the industrial revolution meant that industrial Europebecame increasingly dependent on raw materials. European nations felt the urge to control lands that feature grand quantities of raw materials. Africa was full-bodied with raw materials as well as many a(prenominal) treasure reserves. As a result, many major industrial companies attempted to gain a monopoly of raw materials in Africa. Stuart Miller believes that specific trade links were important to particular industries.Some raw materials in Africa were of great importance the v egetable embrocate of the Niger was vital for lubricating industrial machinery and the rubber of the Congo was not only essential for the tires on the new automobiles simply also for insulating the electrical and telegraph wires now encircling the globe. The plentiful elephant herds could be slaughtered to provide the ivory for many of the new consumer goods such as piano primevals, billiard balls and knife handles. In Togoland, Germans were able to cultivate plantations where they grew chocolate and rubber. Other raw materials included peanuts, cotton and tea. There were also many important minerals and South Africa possessed gold and diamonds.International rivalry among European nations contributed greatly to imperialist ventures in Africa. Britains rivalry with France and Germany accounted for a crowing part of the colonization. The British government wished to maintain its dominance in the colonial regions. Other European powers desired to expand their colonial spheres as w ell and Britain responded by seizing colonies. Certain territories were important for their location. The Suez Canal was key waterway between East and West Africa. The immense interior between the gold and diamond rich Southern Africa and Egypt had a strategic value as domination of this region was important to secure the prey of overseas trade. The British wanted to link their possessions in Southern Africa with their territories in East Africa, and these two areas with the Nile basin. Obtaining the Sudan was vital to the fulfillment of these ambitions especially since Egypt was already under British control.This red-line through Africa was made famous by Cecil Rhodes and passe-partout Milner who advocated for a Cape to Cairo empire linking by rail the Suez Canal to the Southern part which possessed many minerals. According to Brian Levack, there was also a certain level of nationalist competition. The unification of Germany vex the balance of power in Europe. In this climate of tension, governments looked towards enforcing national position. Thenewly formed nations of Italy and Germany now sought empires outside Europe as a means of gaining power and prestige within Europe. In the nineteenth century, a German historian Henrich con Treitschke stated All great nations in the fullness of their strength have desired to set their mark on barbarian lands and those who fail to participate in this great rivalry will pay a pitiable role in time to come.Under the leaders of Bismarck, Germany soon embarked on a quest of expansionism. Bismarcks distrust of England under Gladstone was one of the reasons he decided to do this. Germany became eng durationd in an arms race with Great Britain and it desired as many array and naval bases as it could obtain. France needed to restore its damaged national pride after its defeat by Germany in the Franco-Prussian war and therefore embarked upon expansionism. Their aim was to have an uninterrupted link between the Niger River and the Nile, thus compulsory all trade to and from the Sahel region, by virtue of their existing control over the Caravan routes through the Sahara.Domestic political interests also contributed to European Imperialism in Africa. As stated by Brain Levack, in the age of mass politics, political leaders needed to find issues that would both appeal to new voters and strengthen the billet quo. Imperialism led the ordinary European people to believe that they were part of a superior, conquering people. Bismarck used imperial issues to help him find political allies in Germany and once remarked all this colonial production line is a sham but we need it for the elections. According to Lawrence James, in the nineties witnessed a rapid expansion of newspaper readership with the appearance of a new type of daily designed to attract the working and unhorse middle class.Social Darwinism and missionary intentions are two excuses that are used to justify European imperialism in Africa. Rudy ard Kipling characterized the Africans as sullen, new caught peoples, half devil and half child. The Europeans believed it to be their duty to groom the wild fierce Africans. Liberalism, which may be defined as a dedication to self-improvement and the belief that there were discoverable rules of general conduct that everyone could follow, contributed to the paternal manner in which Europe acted and arguments of racial and cultural superiority that pushed Europeans intoAfrica to civilize the local populations. Lawrence James states that nations who had now reached the highest stage of civilization were taking control over those which had lagged behind, or races, bid the Asante, who were not seen as fit to control their own affairs. In an issue of the Dublin Review in the late nineteenth century it was stated that The future of Africa under any form of European aid must be better than the dark and evil nightmare of the past.These Social Darwinists were able to persuade the natives that what was be done was to their ultimate benefit. According to Derrick Murphy et al, there existed the idea that imperialism was a moral duty as a means of spreading Western civilization and Christian values. Many Europeans bought this excuse while others did not. Africans were labored to adopt the Christian religion. In many cases they were killed for continuing to practice their own faiths. Some historians believe that the strong motive for Christian evangelism in Africa was simply to disrupt and destroy and that it was always politically motivated. First, missionaries were brought to the continent. Secondly, after some natives were converted and there was a considerable amount of confusion among them, the troops were sent to exploit them.Their main intention was to divide to control. According to an African chieftain The white man is very clever. He came quiet and peaceably with his religion. We were amused at his foolishness and allowed him to stay. Now he has won our b rothers and our clan can no longer act like one. He has put a knife on the things that held us unitedly and we have fallen apart.Various factors attracted European imperialism to Africa in the later nineteenth century. Europe was changing and their colonial empires were associated with the ideas of national greatness and the survival of the fittest. This caused a massive drive for empires. There was a yearning for raw materials, national power and prestige. Each nation which possessed a colonial territory also possessed a sense of superiority.Bibliography1.) Chambers Mortimer, Hanawalt Barbara, Rabb Theodore, Woloch Isser, Grew Raymond, The Western Experience, 1999, The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc., United States of America2.) James Lawrence, The White Mans Burden? Imperial Wars in the 1890s Spielvogel Jackson, Western Civilization, Mc Graw Hill, Connecticut, 1999(pgs 100-105)3.) Levack Brian, Muir Edward, MaasMichael, Veldman Meredith, The West, Encounters and Transformations, 2004, Pearson Education Inc., United States of America4.) Miller Stuart, Mastering Modern European History, 1997, Palgrave, United Kingdom, Hampshire5.) Murphy Derrick, Morris Terry, Europe 1870-1991, 2000, Harper Collins Publishers LTD, United Kingdom, England6.) The Church as a Tool of Imperialism

Julius Caesar Essay Example for Free

Julius Caesar leavenRhetoric and Power- Examine the ability to make things happen by manner of speaking alone. Rhetoric and Power is a theme well used in William Shakespeares Julius Caesar. Mark Antony deceives the conspirators into believing he is on their nerve when he discovers them with Julius corpse, Brutus actors line after violent remainder Julius Caesar makes the Romans believe Julius was a bad person, Mark Antonys words after Julius Caesars death makes the Romans furious at the conspirators. In the last two situations we see the vizor of view the countrymen go from one thing to a completely different thing just by the use of words. Let each man render me his bloody hand (III,i,185). Antony convinces the conspirators that he knows they must catch had a unafraid reason for killing Caesar. He shakes their hands showing a gesture of friendship. salubrious at least thats what he wants them to think. Friends am I with you whole, and love you all (III.i, 222).The c onspirators still not fully certain Antonys trust ask him if they could depend on him. Antony calls them friends and tells them he loves them. Antony is using solely words to convince the conspirators he is on their side. not that I loved Caesar less but that I loved Rome more (III.ii, 20-21). Brutus tells the countrymen that he loved Caesar but his love for Rome was greater. He tells the Romans that if Caesar were a live they would all be slaves. Brutus tells them that Caesar was too ambitious and thats why he killed him. I stick out the same dagger for myself when it shall please my country to need my death(III.ii.44-45).Brutus ends his speech by telling the Romans he will sacrifice himself for Rome because of his tremendous love for it. At this point the Romans are all judgement to Caesars death and think that what Brutus did is okay. They all begin to chant for him. When that the poor render cried, Caesar hath wept. Ambition should be made of sterner stuff. Yet Brutus says he was ambitious (III.ii, 91-93). Mark Antony tells the countrymen of all the sizeable deeds Caesar did that show he wasnt as ambitious as Brutus says he was. The evil that men do lives after them The good is oft interred with their bones(III.ii.75-76). Antony states to the Romans that all the bad things that one does is always remembered, but the good they have done is buried with them. He tells them this because it seems as if the Romans have completely forgotten everything Caesar has done for them.Then Caesar continues his speech by telling the Romans how many times poor Caesar was stabbed. He tells them how Caesar loved Brutus and that didnt stop Brutus from killing him. Antony makes the Romans believe that everything the conspirators did isnt a good deed but an evil murder. He gets all the Romans against the conspirators all through a speech he made to them. The power to make things happen by words is used a lot through out Julius Caesar. Antonys speech alone led to the death of Brutus, Cassius, and 100 senators. Brutus speech made the evil act the him and conspirators committed seem like a good deed to the Romans. Antonys deceiving words made the conspirators believe he was on their side.

On Common Ground, the Power of Professional Learning Communities Essay Example for Free

On Common Ground, the Power of Professional Learning Communities EssayThe acquisition organisation by which educators and school-age childs work in is plagued with sometimes tedious, repetitive and oftentimes illogical steps that learning is hampered more than it is encouraged. The book On Common Ground, the Power of Professional Learning Communities seeks to challenge the very core of the learning system that most of schools practice. The book has collated various examples of what it makes to be able to produce education that is considered high-level. (DuFour, 2005)This finical book requires that the different schools and individuals to challenge their preconceived notions and incorporate different types of practices that have been observed by the authors in different types of schools and universities. By far, this is whizz of the most provocative pieces of work regarding the level of education that is being offered to batch right now. More than anything, the book spurs people, especially the educators to press on in improving themselves as headspring as improving the quality of education and the quality of students that leave the universities and different schools.More than anything, the book is a testament to how a collaborative effort beautifully crafts a sort of manual for improved student performance. (Dufour, 2005) If you are an educator, the different steps and assertions that the authors have discussed in the book are definitely worth losing stay over as the strategies, lessons and improvements that the authors have agreed upon are all valid, and solid in their assumptions.Should there be any particular conclusion that can be drawn from this book, it is the fact that if teachers come together in a structured and orderly manner, this essentially contributes to the betterment of the student in the area of learning and overlord drive. (Dufour, 2005) Ultimately, one should look into this in order to challenge the status quo and begin a new o ne marked by collaboration and unity in purpose.

Event Will Never Forget Essay Example for Free

Event Will Never Forget EssayComparison of Di erent Neighbourhood Sizes in off-key harden Xin Yao Department of Computer Science University College, University of New South Wales Australian Defence Force academy Canberra, ACT, Australia 2600 Abstract Neighbourhood structure and sizing of it be key parameters in local go about algorithmic programs. This is overly true for generalised local look for algorithms like simulated annealing. It has been shown that the doing of simulated annealing dismiss be improved by dramatiseing a suitable region size.However, previous studies usually assumed that the neck of the woods size was xed during appear. This paper presents a simulated annealing algorithm with a kinetic locality size which depends on the current emperature value during search. A method of dynamically deciding the vicinity size by approximating a sustained probability distri only ifion is given. Four pangtinuous probability distributions argon used in our experiments to perplex neighbourhood sizes dynamically, and the results are compared. integrative optimisation.A method of generating dynamic neighbourhood sizes by approximating hookvicttinuous probability distributions is given in this incision. Section 4 compares the experimental results of using di erent larntinuous probability distributions to generate dynamic neighbourhood sizes. Finally, Section 5 bustlecludes with some remarks and directions of future research. 2 General fictitious Annealing Although SA shadower be used in both memorizetinuous and discrete cases, this paper only considers integrative optimisation by SA unless oppositewise indicated explicitly.A combinatorial optimisation problem can be conversationally described as nding an optimum con guration X from a nite or in nite countable con guration space S . Each con guration X 2 S can be equal by its n (gt 0) components, i. e. , X = (x1 x2 xn ), where xi 2 Xi , i = 1 2 n. An gauzy discussion o f combinatorial optimisation and its complexity can be found in Garey and Johnsons book 8. A general model of SA, which is applicable to both continuous and discrete problems, can be described by Figure 1, where start generate (X Tn) is decided by the generation robability gXY (Tn ), which is the probability of generating con guration Y from con guration X at temperature Tn , break down drive (X Y Tn) is decided by the acceptance probability aXY (Tn ), which is the probability of accepting con guration Y after it has been generated at temperature Tn , and theatrical role update (Tn ) decides the rate of the temperature decrease. These trio functions shape the convergence of general SA 5, 6, 9, but parameters in general SA, such as the initial temperature, initial con guration, inner-loop stop criterion, and outer1 Introduction Simulated Annealing (SA) algorithms can nd precise good near optimal solutions to a wide range of hard problems, but at the high computational cost. Va rious methods founder been proposed to speed up its convergence, which can roughly be divided into three categories (1) Optimising functions and parameters in SA 1 (2) Combining SA with other search algorithms 2, 3 and (3) Parallelising SA 4. This paper falls into the above rst category. Section 2 of this paper describes a general SA algorithm 5, 6 which uni es di erent variants of the classical one 7.Section 3 presents SA with a dynamic neighbourhood size and its finish in Published in Proc. of Fourth Australian Conf. on Neural Ne iirks, ed. P. Leong and M. Jabri, pp. 216219, 1993, Melbourne, Australia. generate initial con guration X at random generate initial temperature T0 REPEAT REPEAT Y = generate(X Tn) IF accept(X Y Tn) wherefore X = Y UNTIL inner-loop stop criterion satis ed Tn+1 = update (Tn ) n = n + 1 UNTIL outer-loop stop criterion satis ed Figure 1 General simulated annealing. loop stop criterion, can have signi cant impact on its nite-time behaviour.That is, the co mputation time in practice depends on the three functions as well as these parameters. Most research on SA has concentrated on the update and accept function and various algorithmic parameters, only limited attention has been paid to the generate function. However, the generate function decides an important part the neighbourhood structure and size of a local search algorithm irrespective of whether it is a deterministic one or a stochastic one like SA. The neighbourhood NX of a con guration X is de ned by con guration.The xed-size neighbourhood clearly does not conform with the basic search strategy behind SA. It is appealing to have a neighbourhood size which can adjust itself in the di erent search stages. Fast SA 12 can be regarded as an example of SA with a dynamic neighbourhood size, but it is only used in the continuous case. The application of dynamic neighbourhood size in combinatorial optimisation, to our best knowledge, has not been well-studied. 3 Dynamic Neighbourhood Size in Simulated Annealing This section gives a method of dynamically deciding the neighbourhood size in SA according to the temperature parameter 5, 6.In the high temperature stages, SA algorithms have high acceptance probability for both good and ad moves, i. e. , exploration plays a major role in search, and thus a large neighbourhood size is used to fire such exploration. In the low temperature stages, exploitation plays a major role in search, and thus a smaller neighbourhood is more suitable. In the following discussion, we say that the Hamming distance between two con guration X = (x1 x2 xn ) and Y = (y1 y2 yn ) is if there are exactly di erent elements between them.Let f (x) be the continuous density function which is used to generate the Hamming distance between the current con guration and the next one. Denote the set of con gurations which are distant from the current con guration X as SX ( ), SX ( ) = fY 2 S gXY (Tn) gt 0g where X 62 NX , and X 2 NY i Y 2 NX . NX = fY jY (1) ing search once de ned for a problem. Goldstein and Waterman 10 and Cheh et al. 11 carried out some experiments on comparing SA with di erent neighbourhood sizes, but the sizes are still xed once decided.A limitation of SA with a xed neighbourhood size is its inability to perform search at di erent scales in di erent stages of search. As indicated in our previous study 5, SA can be viewed as an attempt to combine exploration of a space and exploitation of a sub-space into the same algorithm, i. e. , coarse-grained search in the high temperature stages explores the con guration space and tries to locate vivid regions, while ned-grained search in the low temperature stages exploits the promising regions and tries to nd a good near optimal gXY (Tn ) = 1=jNX j, where jNX j is the size of NX , i. . , the number of con gurations in NX , and is the same for all X in S . Moreover, jNX j is xed dur- Previous research on SA normally assumed that j Y 2 S dXY = g (2) The probabili ty of generating con guration Y , which is dXY distant from con guration X , is dened as 1 = jS (1 )j P rob dXY ? 2 lt X dXY Z dXY + 1 2 f (x)dx = jS (1 )j 1 X dXY dXY ? 2 f (dXY ) jSX (dXY )j 2 gXY (Tn ) dXY + 1 2 (3) Suppose the maximum Hamming distance allowed for one move is dmax 1 , then the normalised generation function is f (dXY ) / jSX (dXY )j gXY (Tn ) = (4) FX (Tn ) where FX (Tn ) = X X f (d ) max XZ jSX (dXZ )j dXZ =1 Z 2S 4 Experimental Results We adopt the Traveling Salesman Problem (TSP) as a benchmark to evaluate our SA algorithms because of its clear mathematical de nition and high computational complexity. Goldstein and Waterman 10 and Cheh et al. 11 have experimented with TSPs using di erent but xed neighbourhood sizes and found that a small neighbourhood size is better than a large neighbourhood size. That is, the SA algorithm performs the best when dXY = 1. TSPs with 40 cities are used in our experiment and are generated at random.The same initial conguration, i nner-loop stop criterion, out-loop stop criterion, and temperature decreasing rate are used in our experiments in order to evaluate the impact of the neighbourhood size on the performance of SA algorithms. Our experiments, albeit preliminary, have demonstrated that SA with a dynamic neighbourhood size outperforms SA with a xed neighbourhood size. accede 1 gives the results of four typical runs of two kinds of SA algorithms. Table 2 gives the results of using di erent distributions to generate neighbourhood sizes. roblem instance 1 2 3 4 initial value 15080 12260 13760 15820 NorSA 2540 2140 2560 2300 CSA 3120 2520 2880 2460 Table 1 Comparison of SA with a xed neighbourhood size (CSA) and SA with a dynamic neighbourhood size (NorSA). Normal distribution is used to generate the neighbourhood size. (5) Theorem 3. 1 ( 5) Suppose the acceptance function in an SA algorithm is aXY (Tn ) = min 1 exp ? ? cY T cX n (6) and the generation function is (4), where f (x) in (4) can be anyone of t he following, (a) the Normal function N (0 Tn), i. e. , 1 exp ? d2 XY f (dXY ) = p 2Tn 2 Tn (b) the exponential function E (Tn ), i. . , f (dXY ) = 1 exp ? dXY Tn Tn (c) the Cauchy function C (Tn ), i. e. , 1 T f (dXY ) = 2 n 2 dXY + Tn (d) the stable function with top executive 1 13, i. e. , 2 f (dXY ) = q exp ? 2d1 XY 2 d3 XY 1 5 Concluding Remarks Neighbourhood size is an important parameter in local search algorithms, but only a xed size was adopted in previous application of SA to combinatorial optimisation problems. This paper proposes a method of using a dynamic neighbourhood size in SA based on our analysis of SA search. Preliminary experiments have demonstrated the emolument of a dynamic neighbourhood size in SA.The idea of a dynamic neighbourhood size could also be introduced into other local search algorithms. It is, in fact, related to a more dense 3 Then the SA algorithm converges to international minima if the cooling rate is Tn = ln n + n0 n = 1 2 (7) where and n0 are positive constants. It is set to n, the number of elements in a con guration, in our experiments. 1 problem instance initial value CauSA NorSA ExpSA StableSA 1 17800 2480 2540 2640 3760 2 15500 3000 3340 3180 4420 3 16600 3300 2920 3460 4500 4 14780 3000 2980 3280 3760 References 1 P. J. M. van Laarhoven and E. H. L.Aarts, Simulated Annealing Theory and Applications, D. Reidel Publishing Co. , 1987. 2 D. H. Ackley, A Connectionist Machine for Genetic Hillclimbing, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 1987. 3 X. Yao, Optimization by genic annealing, In M. Jabri, editor, Proc. of ACNN91, pages 9497, Sydney, 1991. 4 D. R. Greening, Parallel simulated annealing techniques, Physica D, 42293306, 1990. 5 X. Yao, Simulated annealing with extended neighbourhood, world-wide J. of Computer Math. , 40169189, 1991. 6 X. Yao and G. -J. Li, General simulated annealing, J. of Computer Sci. Tech. 6329 338, 1991. 7 S. Kirkpatrick, C. D. Gelatt, and M. P. Vecchi, Optimization by simulated ann ealing, Science, 220671680, 1983. 8 M. R. Garey and D. S. Johnson, Computers and intractableness A Guide to the Theory of NP-Completeness, W. H. Freeman Co. , San Francisco, 1979. 9 S. Anily and A. Federgruen, Ergodicity in parameteric nonstationary Markov chains an application to annealing methods, Oper. Res. , 35867874, 1987. 10 L. Goldstein and M. Waterman, neck of the woods size in the simulated annealing algorithm, Amer. J. of Math. and Management Sci. , 8409423, 1988. 11 K. M. Cheh, J.B. Goldberg, and R. G. Askin, A note on the e ect of neighborhood structure in simulated annealing algorithm, Computers and Oper. Res. , 18537547, 1991. 12 H. H. Szu and R. L. Hartley, Nonconvex optimization by quick simulated annealing, Proc. of IEEE, 7515381540, 1987. 13 W. Feller, An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, volume 2, John Wiley Sons, Inc. , 2nd edition, 1971. 4 Table 2 SA with a dynamic neighbourhood size which is generated by the Cauchy function (CauSA), No rmal function (NorSA), exponential function (ExpSA), and Stable function with index 1=2 (StableSA). esearch case in search theory, i. e. , the issue of exploration versus exploitation or global search versus local search. Although local search based on some heuristics can be quite e cient under many circumstances, the problem of local optima is very hard to deal with. Some kind of global search has to be used if a global optimum or near optimum is required. However, the computational cost of global search is often prohibitively high for most real-world applications due to the vast search space.It is bene cial to combine global and local search together. An dedicate question here is how to decide when global or local search should be performed. It is also di furor to draw the line strictly between local and global search in practice. Dynamic neighbourhood size offers a way to deal with the problem by transferring from global search to local search smoothly based on a control para meter, temperature in SA. However, more work has to be through with(p) on deciding which kind of generation functions is most suitable for an application, i. e. what is the optimal rate of reducing the neighbourhood size. As indicated before, Fast SA 12 o ers a big improvement over classical SA 7 due to the credence of Cauchy distribution. An interesting topic is to investigate whether the discrete version of Fast SA can o er resembling improvement over classical SA. Our preliminary experiments seem to give a negative answer. Acknowledgement The write is grateful to Drs. B. Marksjo and R. Sharpe for their support of his work while he was with CSIRO Division of Building, Construction and Engineering.